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Differentiated instruction, according to Carol Ann Tomlinson, is the process of "ensuring that what a student learns, how he or she learns it, and how the student demonstrates [ability] what he or she has learned is a match for that student's readiness level, interests, and preferred mode of learning."

Four ways to differentiate instruction
According to Tomlinson, teachers can differentiate instruction through four ways: 1) content, 2) process, 3) product, and 4) learning environment.

1. Content
As you already know, fundamental lesson content should cover the standards of learning set by the school district or state educational standards. But some students in your class may be completely unfamiliar with the concepts in a lesson, some students may have partial mastery, and some students may already be familiar with the content before the lesson begins.

Examples of differentiating activities:
Match vocabulary words to definitions.
Read a passage of text and answer related questions.
Think of a situation that happened to a character in the story and a different outcome.
Differentiate fact from opinion in the story.
Identify an author’s position and provide evidence to support this viewpoint.
Create a PowerPoint presentation summarizing the lesson.
2. Process
Each student has a preferred learning style, and successful differentiation includes delivering the material to each style: visual, auditory and kinesthetic, and through words. This processrelated method also addresses the fact that not all students require the same amount of support from the teacher, and students could choose to work in pairs, small groups, or individually. And while some students may benefit from oneonone interaction with you or the classroom aide, others may be able to progress by themselves. Teachers can enhance student learning by offering support based on individual needs.

Examples of differentiating the process:
Provide textbooks for visual and word learners.
Allow auditory learners to listen to audio books.
Give kinesthetic learners the opportunity to complete an interactive assignment online.
3. Product
The product is what the student creates at the end of the lesson to demonstrate the mastery of the content. This can be in the form of tests, projects, reports, or other activities. You could assign students to complete activities that show mastery of an educational concept in a way the student prefers, based on learning style.

Examples of differentiating the end product:
Read and write learners write a book report.
Visual learners create a graphic organizer of the story.
Auditory learners give an oral report.
Kinesthetic learners build a diorama illustrating the story.
4. Learning environment
The conditions for optimal learning include both physical and psychological elements. A flexible classroom layout is key, incorporating various types of furniture and arrangements to support both individual and group work. Psychologically speaking, teachers should use classroom management techniques that support a safe and supportive learning environment.

Examples of differentiating the environment:
Break some students into reading groups to discuss the assignment.
Allow students to read individually if preferred.
Create quiet spaces where there are no distractions.

More Examples
Create Learning Stations.
Use Task Cards.
Interview Students.
Target Different Senses Within Lessons.
Share Your Own Strengths and Weaknesses.
Use the ThinkPairShare Strategy.
Make Time for Journaling.
Implement Reflection and GoalSetting Exercises.
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