From a treasure trove of valuable art, to strange and shocking skulls, here are 10 mysterious artifacts from lost ancient tribes.

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10. The Green Rock At Hattusa
In Çorum, a seemingly unexciting town in modernday Turkey, are the ruins of Hattusa, the imperial capital of the mysterious Hittite civilization. They suddenly disintegrated around 1180 B.C. after centuries of wielding power over a swath of land stretching from Syria to the Dardanelles in northwestern Turkey.

9. Serpentine Mask Offering
In late 2011, archaeologists from Mexico’s National Anthropology and History Institute (INAH) discovered a treasure trove of artifacts at the base of the Teotihuacan’s Pyramid of the Sun roughly 30 miles (50 km) northeast of Mexico City. Thought to be ceremonial offerings from a consecration ritual performed before construction on the pyramid began 1,900 years ago, the collection included obsidian, pottery, and bone pieces, as well as a green serpentine mask made from stone.

8. Underwater Burial
In early 2011, archaeologists got quite the surprise when they uncovered the remains of numerous Mesolithic people underwater dating back 8,000 years!! A team of researchers from Stockholm University and the Cultural Heritage Foundation discovered this underwater gravesite in what is now southern Sweden near an archaeological site called Kanakjorden.

7. African “Ghost” Tribe
Back in the stone age, 4 children were buried before their time. However, these children have revealed many secrets about the people who lived in Cameroon, Africa thousands of years ago. In a study published in January in the online journal Nature, researchers describe finding 18 human burials and countless artifacts at the Shum Laka rock shelter in the grasslands of modernday Cameroon.

6. Strange Stone Sculptures
Researchers spent decades debating over the origins of a series of strange stone statues known as the Lazario collection or the Library of Agüeybaná. Discovered by a monk named José María Nazario in Puerto Rico during the 19th century, the figurines vary in shape and size, with some resembling humans, and many are marked with symbols that have never been observed in other ancient art.

5. Skull Helmets
A shocking study reported in 2019 that infants from 2,100 years ago were found with helmets made of children’s skulls. Published in the journal Latin American Antiquity, researchers share that the ancient infant skulls were encased in skulls belonging to older children. They were found at an excavation site in Salango, Ecuador.

4. Amputation Cave Art
Numerous paleolithic rock art sites throughout Europe feature images of hands that are missing fingers, leading researchers to try figuring out why. For a long time, prevailing theories argued that the images represented hand signals or a counting system. But in a 2018 paper published in the Journal of Paleolithic Archaeology, a trio of researchers suggested an alternative explanation: that the hands with missing fingers were painted by people who engaged in ritualistic amputation practices.

3. Pazyryk Carpet
Discovered in a royal Scythian burial mound at the Pazyryk burial mounds in Siberia in a remarkable state of preservation, the Pazyryk carpet is the world’s oldest pile carpet. It’s shocking to learn that the intricate design, which consists of four lotus buds, 24 crossshaped figures, and depictions of men on horseback, dates back 2,500 years, to the fifth century B.C.

2. Stone Complex Of Unknown Origins
In a study published in late 2016, archaeologists reported the discovery of a massive, 1,500yearold stone complex of unknown origins along the eastern shore of the Caspian Sea in what is now Kazakhstan.

1. Oldest Rock Art In North America
A 2013 study analyzing a series of petroglyphs at the nowdriedup Winnemucca Lake in Nevada, roughly 35 miles (56 km) northeast of Reno, determined that they constitute the oldest known rock art in North America.