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In British India in the 1920's odd stone seals kept popping up at ruins near Harappa and MohenjoDaro along the Indus river valley. They baffled everyone, with their inscriptions in a never before seen written language. Archaeologists, intrigued by this, started excavating these previously ignored sites.

They soon uncovered a 4,500yearold civilisation. A civilisation completely absent in the historical record. One of the earliest urban civilizations in human history. It flourished alongside Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and China around 33001900BCE but was bigger than all of them. A civilisation that built wonders not to gods or kings but to sanitation. A civilisation without war. Made up of massive planned cities built in brick. Masters of bronze and sculpture. They created their own writing system, traded across the vast sea, and possibly invented the world’s first indoor toilets and then vanished for reasons still not understood.

So what was this civilisation in the Indus Valley, what did they achieve, and what does it have to do with rubber duckies? Well let’s find out.

Head to https://www.harappa.com/ to learn more!


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Sources:

Understanding Ancient Civilizations Jane R. McIntosh The ancient Indus Valley new perspectives https://amzn.to/2XFl3M9
A population history of India From the First Modern People to the Present Day by Tim Dyson https://amzn.to/2XdmX7V
A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India From the Stone Age to the 12th Century by Upinder Singh https://amzn.to/2MdsmVS
India’s Ancient Past by R.S. Sharma https://amzn.to/3etINtj
An Environmental History of India From Earliest Times to the TwentyFirst Century by Fisher, Michael H https://amzn.to/2MmvM9f
The Lost River On the trail of Saraswati by Michel Danino https://amzn.to/2TMS5IX
The Indus Civilization by Irfan Habib https://amzn.to/2B68GB4
The Cambridge history of India Suppl. vol. The Indus Civilization by Mortimer Wheeler
Climate change and the course of global history a rough journey by John L Brooke https://amzn.to/2Am2LaE
The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective by Gregory L. Possehl https://amzn.to/2XJHFez
Allchin, Bridget, and Raymond Allchin The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan https://amzn.to/3dqDDOZ
Bellwood, Peter First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies https://amzn.to/2XegYQb


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Belcher, William R. 1997. “Ancient Harappa in 3D.” www.harappa.com/3D/index.html.
Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark. 1996. “Around the Indus in 90 Slides.” www.harappa.com/indus/indus0.html.

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