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The Chinese Warlord Era was a violent period of chaos and civil war in which multiple factions (so called cliques) fought each other over supremacy in China. After the first AnhuiZhili War the situation escalated further and more players joined this game of thrones.

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» SOURCES
Ch’en, Jerome, “The Chinese Communist Movement to 1927” in Fairbank, John K. & Twitchett, Denis (eds.) The Cambridge History of China: Volume 12, Republican China 19121949, Part 1, (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2005)

Dreyer, Edward L. China at War 19011949, (New York : Longman Publishing, 1995)

Gray, Jack, Rebellions and Revolutions: China from the 1800s to 2000, (Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2002)

Jordan, Donald A, The Northern Expedition: China’s National Revolution of 19261928, (Honolulu, HI : University of Hawaii Press, 2019)

Jowett, Philip, Chinese Warlord Armies 191130, (Oxford : Osprey Publishing, 2010)

Kwong Chi Man, War and Geopolitics in Interwar Manchuria: Zhang Zuolin and the Fengtian Clique during the Northern Expedition, (Leiden : Brill, 2017)

McCord, Edward A. “Burn, Kill, Rape, and Rob: Military Atrocities, Warlordism, and AntiWarlordism in Republican China” in Lary, Diana & MacKinnon, Stephen (eds.) Scars of War: The Impact of Warfare on Modern China, (Toronto : UBC Press, 2001)

McCord, Edward A. The Power of the Gun, The Emergence of Modern Chinese Warlordism, (Berkeley : University of California Press)

Nish, Ian, Japanese Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period, (Wesport, CT : Praeger Publishers, 2002)

Sheridan, James E. The warlord era: politics and militarism under the Peking government, 191628 in Fairbank, John K. & Twitchett, Denis (eds.) The Cambridge History of China: Volume 12, Republican China 19121949, Part 1, (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2005)

Suleski, Ronald, Civil Government in Warlord Tradition, Modernization and Manchuria, (New York : Peter Lang Publishing, 2002)


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