Please check out https://brilliant.org/zefrank/
First 200 people get 20% off the annual Premium subscription.
True Facts Poster! https://zetruestore.myshopify.com/
Patreon:   / truefacts  
Classical Music:   / 5audiotrack1  
Backbay Lounge Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)

Huge thank you to:
Dr. Chris Mah
Dr. Tomasz Baumiller
Dr. Timothy O’ Hara
Dr. Charles Messing
Dr. Kate M. Naughton
Dr. Angela Stevenson
Melissa Douglas
Dr. Igor Adameyko
Dr. Symon Dworjanyn
Dr. Lara Tomholt
Dr. Simon Coppard
Sina Heydari
Anders Garm
Melanie Lloyd
Video, courtesy of Monterey Bay Aquarium Foundation © 2022
The New Zealand Marine Studies Centre, University of Otago (New Zealand), and Marco Zilioli
NOAA Australian Institute of Marine Science
Hakai Institute WA State Dept. of Ecology
Ocean Networks Canada / CSSFROPOS
Vancouver Aquarium
Ru Selvadurai
Tidal Gardens
beachstuff.uk
Garry Fletcher Racerocks.com Lester Pearson College
Zeb Hallock
Dr. Elise Hennebert
Mike Lukaczyn
WeDive TV
Abhishek Gupta
Mull Aquarium
Annette G.E. Smith
Robert Beck

Baumiller, Tomasz K. (2008). Crinoid Ecological Morphology. , 36(1), 221–249.  doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.36.031207.124116 

Baumiller, Tomasz K. and Messing, Charles G., 2007. Stalked Crinoid Locomotion, and its Ecological and Evolutionary Implications. Palaeontologia Electronica Vol. 10, Issue 1; 2A:10p, 12MB

Baumiller, Tomasz K.; Mooi, Rich; Messing, Charles G. (2008). Urchins in the meadow: paleobiological and evolutionary implications of cidaroid predation on crinoids. Paleobiology, 34(1), 22–34. doi:10.1666/07031.1 

Blowes, L.M. et al. (2017), Body wall structure in the starfish Asterias rubens. J. Anat., 231: 325341. https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.12646

Byrne, M. Viviparity and intragonadal cannibalism in the diminutive sea stars Patiriella vivipara  and P. parvivipara. Marine Biology 125, 551–567 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00353268

Clark, R.N. & Jewett, S.C. 2015: A new sea star of the genus Leptasterias from the Aleutian Islands. Zootaxa 3941(4): 579–584. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3941.4.6

Simon E. Coppard; Andreas Kroh; Andrew B. Smith (2012). The evolution of pedicellariae in echinoids: an arms race against pests and parasites. , 93(2), 125–148.  doi:10.1111/j.14636395.2010.00487.x 

Garm Anders and Nilsson DanEric 2014 Visual navigation in starfish: first evidence for the use of vision and eyes in starfish Proc. R. Soc. B.281: 20133011. 20133011, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.3011

Garm Anders, Sensory Biology of Starfish—With Emphasis on Recent Discoveries in their Visual Ecology, Integrative and Comparative Biology, Volume 57, Issue 5, November 2017, Pages 1082–1092, https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icx086

Hamel JF, Mercier A. Prespawning Behavior, Spawning, and Development of the Brooding Starfish Leptasterias polaris. Biol Bull. 1995 Feb;188(1):3245. doi: 10.2307/1542065. PMID: 29281304.

Hamel, JeanFrançois et al. “Prespawning Behavior, Spawning, and Development of the Brooding Starfish Leptasterias Polaris.” Biological Bulletin, vol. 188, no. 1, Marine Biological Laboratory, 1995, pp. 32–45, https://doi.org/10.2307/1542065.

Hennebert, Elise. (2010). Adhesion Mechanisms Developed by Sea Stars: A Review of the Ultrastructure and Composition of Tube Feet and Their Secretion. 10.1007/9783709102862_7.

Hernroth B, Farahani F, Brunborg G, Dupont S, Dejmek A, Nilsson Sko ̈ld H. 2010. Possibility of mixed progenitor cells in sea star arm regeneration. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 314B:457–468.

Heydari, Sina et al.(2020). Sea star inspired crawling and bouncing. Journal of The Royal Society Interface. 17. 20190700. 10.1098/rsif.2019.0700.

KHAN, M. S.R. et al. (2019).  Arrangement and size variation of intragonadal offspring in a viviparous asterinid sea star. Zoosymposia, 15(1), 71–82. doi:10.11646/zoosymposia.15.1.8 

Meyer, D. et al. (2021). Crinoid Feeding Strategies: New I nsights From Subsea Video And TimeLapse (Elements of Paleontology). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108893534

Okanishi M, et al. (2017) Nondestructive morphological observations of the fleshy brittle star, Asteronyx loveni using microcomputed tomography. ZooKeys 663: 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.663.1...

SheppardBrennand, H. et al. (2017). A Waterborne PursuitDeterrent Signal Deployed by a Sea Urchin. The American Naturalist, 189, 700 708.

Sigl, R. et al. The role of vision for navigation in the crownofthorns seastar, Acanthaster planci. Sci. Rep. 6, 30834; doi: 10.1038/srep30834 (2016).

SolísMarín FA, et al. (2019) https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.817.2...

Tomholt, L. et al. (2020). The structural origins of brittle star arm kinematics: An integrated tomographic, additive manufacturing, and parametric modelingbased approach. Journal of structural biology, 107481 .