Check out Curiosity Stream! Go to https://curiositystream.com/zefrank23 and use code: zefrank23 to get 25% off when you sign up!

merch: https://zetruestore.myshopify.com/
patreon:   / truefacts  
classical music:   / 5audiotrack1  
sponsor music: https://incompetech.com/

Special Thanks to:

Dr Eduardo J Fernandez, University of Adelaide
Dr Jonas Schoelynck, University of Antwerp
Dr Julio de Castro
Dr Frank Fish, West Chester University
Dr Maria MaustMohl, Manhattan College
Dr Christopher Dutton, University of Florida
Dr Joseph Dudley, University of Alaska
Dr Todd McWhorter, University of Adelaide
Dr Victoria Inman, NSW Dept. of Planning and Environment
Dr Philip Gingerich, University of Michigan
Dr Rebecca Lewison, San Diego State University

Peter Geraerdts
   • Baby hippo attacked by leopard  ,    • Hippo bull commits infanticide  

Lex Hollmann @LexHollmann
Johan Vermeulen | The Nature Box @thenatureboxfilms
Amos Kaggwa   / amostheguide  
San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance @SanDiegoZoo
ZSL Whipsnade Zoo @ZslOrg1826
Prof. Gordon T. Taylor
PapaArtzzi* Art Ryan,   / artryan4674  

Latest Sightings @Latestsightings
Newsflare
Shutterstock
Pond5
iStock by Getty Images
Envato Elements


Citations

Barklow, William E. Amphibious communication with sound in hippos, Hippopotamus amphibius, Animal Behaviour, Volume 68, Issue 5, 2004, Pages 11251132, ISSN 00033472, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.200....

Blowers, Tracy, "Social Grouping Behaviors Of Captive Female Hippopotamus Amphibius" (2008). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3459.
https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/3459

Coughlin, Brittany L. , Frank E. Fish, Hippopotamus Underwater Locomotion: ReducedGravity Movements for a Massive Mammal, Journal of Mammalogy, Volume 90, Issue 3, 2 June 2009, Pages 675–679, https://doi.org/10.1644/08MAMMA279R.1

Dudley, J.P., Hang'Ombe, B.M., Leendertz, F.H., Dorward, L.J., de Castro, J., Subalusky, A.L. and Clauss, M. (2016), Carnivory by hippos and ecology of anthrax. Mammal Review, 46: 191203. https://doi.org/10.1111/mam.12056

Dutton, C.L., Subalusky, A.L., Sanchez, A. et al. The metagut: community coalescence of animal gut and environmental microbiomes. Sci Rep 11, 23117 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s4159802102...

Gatesy J, Hayashi C, Cronin MA, Arctander P. Evidence from milk casein genes that cetaceans are close relatives of hippopotamid artiodactyls. Mol Biol Evol. 1996 Sep;13(7):95463. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025663. PMID: 8752004.

Geisler, J., Theodor, J. Hippopotamus and whale phylogeny. Nature 458, E1–E4 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07776

Gingerich PD, Haq Mu, Zalmout IS, Khan IH, Malkani MS. Origin of whales from early artiodactyls: hands and feet of Eocene Protocetidae from Pakistan. Science. 2001 Sep 21;293(5538):223942. doi: 10.1126/science.1063902. Epub 2001 Sep 19. PMID: 11567134.

Graeme, Shannon, Sadler Phoebe, Smith Joanna, RoylanceCasson Eleanor and Cordes Line S. 2021Contrasting selection pressure on body and weapon size in a polygynous megaherbivoreBiol. Lett.172021036820210368, http://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2021.0368

Gray NM, Kainec K, Madar S, Tomko L, Wolfe S. Sink or swim? Bone density as a mechanism for buoyancy control in early cetaceans. Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2007 Jun;290(6):63853. doi: 10.1002/ar.20533. PMID: 17516430.

Inman VL, Kingsford RT, Chase MJ, Leggett KEA (2019) Dronebased effective counting and ageing of hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) in the Okavango Delta in Botswana. PLoS ONE 14(12): e0219652. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.....

McCauley, D. J., T. E. Dawson, M. E. Power, J. C. Finlay, M. Ogada, D. B. Gower, K. Caylor, W. D. Nyingi, J. M. Githaiga, J. Nyunja, F. H. Joyce, R. L. Lewison, and J. S. Brashares. 2015. Carbon stable isotopes suggest that hippopotamusvectored nutrients subsidize aquatic consumers in an East African river. Ecosphere 6(4):52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/ES1400514.1

MaustMohl, M., Reiss, D. and Reidenberg, J.S. (2019), A Comparison of Common Hippopotamus (Artiodactyla) and Mysticete (Cetacea) Nostrils: An Open and Shut Case. Anat Rec, 302: 693702. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24032

MaustMohl, M., Soltis, J., & Reiss, D. (2018). Underwater click train production by the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) suggests an echoranging function, Behaviour, 155(23), 231251. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/1568539X0000...

Saikawa, Y., Hashimoto, K., Nakata, M. et al. The red sweat of the hippopotamus. Nature 429, 363 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1038/429363a

Sulman J R, Madelyn G C, Irina A K. Correlation of Bone Density in Aquatic and Semiaquatic Animals to Ecological and Dietary Specializations. Open Acc Res Anatomy. 2(3). OARA.000537.2020.
DOI: 10.31031/OARA.2020.02.000537