Shame is a powerful, defining dynamic in vulnerable, fragile, shy, covert narcissism. Not so in the grandioseovert variant. Time to redefine pathological narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)?

LITERATURE

1. Shame and its relationship to early narcissistic developments
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2. Andrew P. Morrison (1983) Shame, Ideal Self, and Narcissism, Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 19:2, 295318, DOI: 10.1080/00107530.1983.10746610

3. Wurmser, L. (1987). Shame: The veiled companion of narcissism. In D. L. Nathanson (Ed.), The many faces of shame (pp. 64–92). The Guilford Press.
Morrison, A. P., & Stolorow, R. D. (1997). Shame, narcissism, and intersubjectivity. In M. R. Lansky & A. P. Morrison (Eds.), The widening scope of shame (pp. 63–87). Analytic Press.

4. Gramzow, R., & Tangney, J. P. (1992). Proneness to Shame and the Narcissistic Personality. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18(3), 369–376. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167292183014

5. Pincus AL, Ansell EB, Pimentel CA, Cain NM, Wright AGC, Levy KN. Initial construction and validation of the Pathological Narcissism Inventory. Psychol Assess. 2009 Sep;21(3):365379. doi: 10.1037/a0016530. PMID: 19719348.

6. Cain NM, Pincus AL, Ansell EB. Narcissism at the crossroads: phenotypic description of pathological narcissism across clinical theory, social/personality psychology, and psychiatric diagnosis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2008 Apr;28(4):63856. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2007.09.006. Epub 2007 Oct 2. PMID: 18029072.

7. Kathrin Ritter, Aline Vater, Nicolas Rüsch, Michela SchröderAbé, Astrid Schütz, Thomas Fydrich, ClaasHinrich Lammers, Stefan Roepke,
Shame in patients with narcissistic personality disorder,
Psychiatry Research, Volume 215, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 429437,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.20...

8. Hibbard, S. (1992). Narcissism, shame, masochism, and object relations: An exploratory correlational study. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 9(4), 489–508. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0079392

9. Elena Bilevicius, Darren C. Neufeld, Alanna Single, Melody Foot, Michael Ellery, Matthew T. Keough, Edward A. Johnson,
Vulnerable narcissism and addiction: The mediating role of shame,
Addictive Behaviors, Volume 92, 2019, Pages 115121,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018...

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