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Physiology of Leptin Animation: USMLE Step 1

Leptin is a hormone primarily produced by adipose (fat) cells, although other tissues such as the placenta, stomach, and skeletal muscle also produce it to a lesser extent. It plays a crucial role in regulating energy balance and body weight by acting on various organs and systems in the body.

Here is a summary of the physiology of leptin:

Regulation of Appetite: Leptin acts as a satiety hormone, helping to regulate appetite and food intake. When leptin levels rise, it signals to the brain that the body has sufficient energy stores, leading to a decrease in appetite and increased energy expenditure.

Feedback Loop: Leptin levels in the blood reflect the amount of fat stored in adipose tissue. As fat cells grow and store more triglycerides, they release more leptin into the bloodstream. Leptin then travels to the hypothalamus in the brain, where it interacts with specific receptors to regulate appetite and energy expenditure.

Hypothalamic Regulation: In the hypothalamus, leptin acts on two main groups of neurons: the orexigenic neurons that stimulate hunger, and the anorexigenic neurons that suppress appetite. Leptin inhibits orexigenic neurons and stimulates anorexigenic neurons, resulting in reduced hunger and increased satiety.

Metabolic Effects: Leptin influences various metabolic processes in the body. It stimulates energy expenditure by increasing thermogenesis (heat production) and activating brown adipose tissue, which helps burn calories. Leptin also enhances insulin sensitivity and promotes glucose uptake in peripheral tissues, thus regulating blood sugar levels.

Reproductive Function: Leptin plays a role in regulating reproductive function. It provides a signal to the brain about the adequacy of energy stores for supporting reproductive processes. In cases of low body fat or insufficient leptin levels, reproductive function may be compromised, leading to menstrual irregularities and infertility.

Leptin Resistance: Similar to insulin resistance, leptin resistance can occur when the body becomes less responsive to the effects of leptin. This can lead to dysregulation of appetite, increased food intake, and weight gain. Leptin resistance is commonly associated with obesity and is thought to contribute to the difficulty in losing weight.

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