In this episode, I interview Dr. Robert Sapolsky, Ph.D., Professor of Biology, Neurology & Neurosurgery at Stanford University. We discuss stress, what defines shortterm versus longterm stress, and how stress can be beneficial or detrimental, depending on the context. We also discuss stress mitigation and how our sense of control over stress mitigation techniques, including exercise, determine health outcomes. Dr. Sapolsky explains some of the key effects of the hormone testosterone — how it can amplify preexisting tendencies for aggression or sexual behavior, but that it does not produce those behaviors per se. He also explains how testosterone impacts our social hierarchies, sense of confidence, and willingness to embrace challenges of different kinds. He also explains how our behaviors and perceptions shape testosterone levels. And we discuss estrogen and the powerful role it plays in brain development, health and longevity. Finally, we discuss free will, what it means to have free will, and if we have any free will, including how knowledge alone might allow us to make better decisions for ourselves and society.

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Links
Dr. Sapolsky's most recent book, "Behave: The Biology of Humans At Our Best & Worst": https://amzn.to/3yrZ6k7
Support Research in the Huberman Lab at Stanford on Stress, Sleep & Human Performance: https://hubermanlab.stanford.edu/giving

Timestamps
00:00:00 Introduction: Dr. Robert Sapolsky
00:02:26 Sponsors: Roka, InsideTracker
00:06:30 Stress: Short & LongTerm, Good & Bad
00:09:11 Valence & Amygdala
00:11:00 Testosterone: Common Myths vs. Actual Truths
00:15:15 Behaviors that Affect Testosterone
00:17:20 Mindsets & Contexts that Affect Testosterone
00:20:28 How Finger Length Ratios Reflect Prenatal Hormone Levels
00:22:30 Aggression: MaleFemale, FemaleMale, & FemaleFemale
00:24:05 Testosterone: The Challenge Hypothesis
00:29:20 How Dopamine Impacts Testosterone & Motivation
00:32:32 Estrogen: Improves Brain & Longevity BUT TIMING IS KEY
00:39:40 Are Testosterone & Sperm Counts in Males Really Dropping?
00:42:15 Stress Mitigation & Our Sense of Control
00:51:35 How Best to Buffer Stress
00:57:04 Power of Perception, Choice & Individual Differences
01:00:32 ContextSetting, Prefrontal Cortex & Hierarchy
01:11:20 How Dr. Sapolsky Accomplishes Deep Thinking
01:13:17 Do We Have Free Will?
01:20:50 How to Apply Knowledge & Learning
01:23:44 Robert’s New Book: “Determined: The Science of Life Without Free Will”
01:28:27 Reflections, Support of Podcast, & Supporting Stress Research

#HubermanLab #Testosterone #Stress

Photo credit: Linda A. Cicero (used with permission from Stanford Medicine Media)

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