World's Best Masterclass on Geopolitics: Geopolitics From First Principles.
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Dr. Niraj Rai is one of the world's foremost experts in archaeogenetics and molecular biology.

He is the Group Head of the Ancient DNA Lab at Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, Lucknow. https://www.bsip.res.in/bsip_director...

He specializes in the use of nextgeneration sequencing data to study human population histories.

He has authored and coauthored numerous groundbreaking papers on genetics.

OUTLINE:
00:00 Introduction
00:37 What is DNA?
01:56 What is nuclear (autosomal) DNA and how is it different from other DNA types?
04:00 What is RNA?
04:50 What are haplogroups?
10:46 OutofAfrica migration: genetic, archaeological evidence
13:22 OutofAfrican dispersal: happened via India along coastal route
14:22 The oldest nonAfrican haplogroups (lineages) originated in India
15:58 Haplogroup F: oldest nonAfrican male lineage originated in India
17:25 Incredible diversity in India's genetics; including R1a
18:36 Ancestral "North Indian" & "South Indian" ancestry (ANI and ASI): oversimplified, incorrect, obsolete model of Indian population genetics
23:40 ANI and ASI does NOT correspond to "Aryans" and "Dravidians"
25:04 What is "Iranian ancestry"? How old is it?
26:00 The "Iranian ancestry" found in Rakhigarhi sample was Indian ancestry
27:04 The unproven ASSUMPTION of closeness between Onge (Andamanese) ancestry & Indian ancestry
28:23 What is "Steppe ancestry"; how old is it? Is it present in Indians?
32:44 Steppe ancestry in India: a minor, slow, gradual, trickledown population influx. Not a major migration.
33:53 Steppe ancestry trickle in India can easily be explained by small Scythian, Kushan, Hunnic influxes in India starting ~2,200 years before present
34:45 India's enormously diverse population cannot be forcefitted into simplistic categories (ASI, ANI, etc.)
38:33 Is Steppe ancestry related to Europe's Yamnaya invaders?
39:22 Rakhigarhi DNA how old is it, U2 haplogroup (matrilineal)
40:17 Why is it so difficult to extract ancient DNA samples in India?
41:49 Rakhigarhi DNA: Indus periphery ancestry
43:53 Undeniable proof of largescale OutOfIndia migrations
45:42 The Aryan invasion/migration theory is dead
47:04 Difference between "Harappan" culture and Ganga Plain culture
49:30 R1a1a patrilineal lineage diversified in India at least ~10,000 YBP: most likely originated in Indian subcontinent
53:45 R1b (Yamnaya patrilineal lineage) also most likely originated in India
54:43 Indians have negligible Neanderthal ancestry: how this debunks Aryan invasion/migration theory
57:01 JatiVarna ("caste") stratification & endogamy in India: what does genetic data show? Founder effects, population bottlenecks
01:02:20 Domestication of horses in ancient India happened at least 4,500 years before present
01:05:09 Indian Zebu cattle spread across the world at least 8,000 YBP
01:07:26 Ancient Indians settled in Australia at least ~6,000 years ago, along with Indian dhole dogs (ancestors of Australian dingos)
01:08:00 Ancient Indian ancestry in Indonesia; modern Indonesians have ~10% Indian ancestry
01:09:52 Denisovan ancestry: found in Tibet, SouthEast Asia, highland populations
01:10:46 The world's oldest evidence of Agriculture: CONSISTENTLY found in Indian subcontinent. India is the true cradle of civilization.
14:33:21 Lakshadweep islands DNA: exact match with Kerala
01:16:27 The people of Yemen have Indian ancestry
01:17:05 Cultural & genetic affinity between India and Eastern Africa
01:18:24 Queen Ketevan of Kakheti, Georgia: how an ancient murder mystery was solved
01:22:19 What genetic research needs to be undertaken in India, in the future? What big questions remain unanswered?
01:26:01 India needs a lot more geneticists; better policies, direction & leadership
01:27:40 Advice/roadmap for aspiring geneticists
01:31:25 India is a goldmine for future research: linguistics, history, anthropology, sociology, genetics

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