Antibiotic resistance is possibly the biggest existential threat to humanity. What were the causes, how does it work, and what do we do about it?

☠NONE OF THE INFORMATION IN THIS VIDEO SHOULD BE USED AS MEDICAL ADVICE OR OPINION. IT IS FOR GENERAL EDUCATION AND ENTERTAINMENT☠

L I N K S
Instagram:   / patkellyteaches  
Patreon:   / corporis  
My favorite books https://docs.google.com/document/d/1w...

P A T R O N S
Joanne K
Sal F.
Ansel K
Anton
Brandon K
Pranav M
Paul
Brendan P
Dane M
Kristoffer R
Jakub V
Joe B
Karly N
Mindi F
Drake W
Kathy K
Mike W
HyeonSeo
Jacob S.
Robin B
Robb W
Sarah B
Carl
Dontae W
Karen S
Michael R
Brian H
Jonathan G
Brian T
Thelma S
Silverstar
Brian B
Michael G
Zoe C

S O U R C E S
Annotated script found here:   / antibioticvideo95558251  

[Affiliate links] I get a commission if you decide to buy it through this link.
Miracle Cure, the Creation of Antibiotics by William Rosen
https://www.amazon.com/MiracleCureC...

Big Chicken by Maryn McKenna

Antibiotic Discovery and Resistance: The Chase and the Race (2022) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35203...
THIS ONE WAS GREAT Antibiotic resistance in microbes: History, mechanisms, therapeutic strategies and future prospects (2021) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science...
The antibiotic resistance crisis, with a focus on the United States (2017)
https://www.nature.com/articles/ja201730
Origins and Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance (2010) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
WHO Fact Sheet https://www.who.int/newsroom/factsh...
FDA Fact Sheet https://www.fda.gov/emergencyprepare...
CDC Fact Sheet https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/ab...
CDC 2019 AMR report https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/bi...
The evolving response to antibiotic resistance (1945–2018)
https://www.nature.com/articles/s4159...

Chain & Abraham Penicillinase (1940) https://www.nature.com/articles/146837a0
1945 Fleming Nobel Prize speech https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/20...
Ampicillin https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
Methicillin trial in BMJ (1960) https://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcre...
Carbapanems https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
Evolution of Blactamase inhibitors (1991) https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4456...

Animal Protein Factor by Jukes et al (1949) CC BY 4.0 DEED
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science...
ON THE MECHANISM OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF MULTIPLE DRUGRESISTANT CLONES OF SHIGELLA (1960) https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/p...
Swann Report (1969) https://wellcomecollection.org/works/...
A Review of Antibiotic Use in Food Animals: Perspective, Policy, and Potential (2012) https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/...
Pharming animals: a global history of antibiotics in food production https://www.nature.com/articles/s4159...
Staphylococcal Infection in Meat Animals and Meat Workers, Ravenholt (1961) https://www.jstor.org/stable/4591310

Study on genetic engineering of Acremonium chrysogenum, the cephalosporin C producer (2016) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
A Glimpse of the early history of the cephalosporins (1979) https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4452...
Celbenin resistant Staph (original MRSA paper 1961) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
MRSA in Boston City Hospital (1968) https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJM...
Five decades of MRSA https://www.thelancet.com/journals/la...
Carbapnems: Past, Present, and Future https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
Thienamycin to Imipenem (1983) https://academic.oup.com/jac/article...

FDA GFIs https://www.fda.gov/animalveterinary...
GDI 213 FDA Document https://www.fda.gov/media/83488/download
Use of Ichip for HighThroughput In Situ Cultivation of “Uncultivable” Microbial Species (2010)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
Discovery of teixobaxtin (2015) https://www.nature.com/articles/natur...

C O N T A C T
If you’d like to sponsor a video or have other business inquiries:
patkellyteaches [at] gmail.com

⌛T I M E S T A M P S ⌛
0:00 Intro
0:58 Biology of Antibiotic Resistance
5:51 Human Use
16:24 Agriculture
26:41 Solutions