From a fortress city with headless skeletons to strange artwork left behind by a lost people, here are 10 mysterious artifacts scientists can’t explain.

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10. Shimao
Before the ongoing global coronavirus pandemic hit, archaeologists working in China’s Loess Plateau, in the northernmost part of Shaanxi Province, uncovered over six miles (10 km) of walls that once belonged to a magnificent fortress city. National Geographic reported that inside is a 230foot (70 meters) pyramid, as well as painted murals, jade objects, and other beautiful artifacts.

9. Ancient Egyptian “Head Cones”
Archaeologists have long wondered about coffee cupsized, coneshaped hats that people are often seen wearing in Ancient Egyptian artwork. Until recently, experts were unsure whether these hats ever actually existed, or if they were symbolic.

8. Swimming Reindeer
This strange elongated object was actually carved by early humans! Around 13,000 years ago, in what is now France, someone carved a sculpture of two swimming reindeer out of the tip of a mammoth tusk. It was discovered in two pieces in 1866, and a French Catholic priest and archaeologist (named Abbé Henri Breuil )realized during the early 20th century that the pieces fit together to form the image of two reindeer a larger stag followed by a smaller female swimming nosetotail. Can you see it? Do you see it??

7. Ancient Rock Art Figures
Back in 1891, an Australian rancher named Joseph Bradshaw got lost and discovered thousands of dancing red figures painted on the wall of a rock shelter in the country’s sparselypopulated Kimberly region. The slender figures, called Gwions, looked like nothing he, or anyone else at the time, had ever seen before.

6. Sahara Stone Structures
In 2018, archaeologists working in the littleexplored Western Sahara region of Africa revealed the discovery of hundreds of strange stone structures, of all shapes and sizes, thought to date back thousands of years. The findings remain unexplained, with experts unsure who built them or why.

5. Mitanni Empire Palace
A drought that plagued Iraq in 2018 caused the waters of the Mosul Dam to recede, revealing the ruins of a 3,400yearold palace belonging to the Mitanni Empire, one of the region’s least understood ancient civilizations. Archaeologists rushed to retrieve the artifacts from the banks of the Tigris River while they had the chance, adding to the mere handful of evidence of the Mitanni Empire that has ever been found.

4. Church in a Fortress
A 2019 study by archaeologists working in Derbent, Russia, a city along the Caspian Sea, asserts the possible presence of one of the world’s oldest churches in the northwestern corner of the NarynKala fortress. The fortification dates back to 300 A.D. and houses an unidentified, almost completely hidden crossshaped structure, which sits 36 feet (11 meters) underground.

3. PreEgyptian Neolithic Peoples
Before Ancient Egypt rose to power as one of history’s most iconic empires around 3,100 B.C., it was preceded by the presence of Neolithic peoples, who occupied the region between 9300 and 4000 B.C. In fact, these societies influenced later, more advanced civilizations, yet the question of exactly who they were remains unanswered.

2. A Lost Chamber
In August 2018, archaeologists announced the discovery of a living roomsized stone chamber beneath the Province House in downtown Halifax in Nova Scotia, Canada. There is no mention of the underground vault in the historical record, making the find a complete surprise to everyone involved.

1. Mysterious Human Relative
Researchers were confused, to say the least, when, in 2018, they discovered stone tools in the Philippines that predated the arrival of modern humans by roughly 600,000 years. A study detailing the artifacts, published in the journal Nature, describes how someone used the tools to butcher a rhinoceros before leaving them behind, along with the animal’s unused remains.

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